• Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews living primarily in the Maghreb of North Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia, as well as the Sudan. Some were established early in the diaspora; others after the expulsion from Iberia in the late 15th century. There were also Sephardic Jews, primarily originating from the Island of Rhodes, who settled in sub-Saharan Africa, in territories such as the Belgian Congo.
• South African Jews, who are mostly Ashkenazi descended from pre-and post-Holocaust immigrant Lithuanian Jews. Other Jews immigrated from Britain, Germany, and Eastern Europe.
• Small European Jewish communities developed during the colonial years in Namibia (South West Africa), Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), Lesotho (Basutuland), Swaziland, Botswana (Bechuanaland), Zaire (Belgian Congo, mostly Sephardim), Kenya, Malawi (Nyasaland), and Zambia (Northern Rhodesia). The communities, usually based in the capitals of these countries, established synagogues and often formal Jewish schools. There was a Jewish community in Maputo, Mozambique but, after the independence of the country, most left. The government has officially returned the Maputo synagogue to the Jewish community, but “little or no Jewish community remains to reclaim it.”
• Beta Israel living primarily in the Amhara and Tigray regions of Ethiopia