The history of Jews in Mongolia dates back to the end of the 19th century, as trade between Siberian-Jewish merchants and Mongolians resulted in some Jewish families settling on the Mongolian side of the border.

Before 1920, most Jews that arrived in Mongolia were of Russian background. The community was annihilated in 1921 by White Russians under the leadership of Baron Ungern-Sternberg, who killed all of the 600 Jews: men, women and children.

In 1925, a new community of 50 families settled in a remote region of Outer Mongolia. In 1926, Ulaan Bator had a population of 600 Russian Jews, most of  whom left the country after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Today the Jewish population numbers less than 100, mostly ex pats. There are no rabbis, and the community gathers from time to time for high holidays. The Chief Rabbi of the Siberian city of Irkutsk, Aharon Wagner has provided support to the Mongolian Jewish community in maintaining Jewish religious life.